Educational disparities continue to affect student achievement in India despite various policy initiatives aimed at promoting educational equity. This study investigates the influence of family background and school conditions on students’ educational outcomes, focusing on parental education, home learning environment, and school quality. A descriptive-analytical quantitative research design was adopted, and data were collected from 350 secondary and higher secondary students selected through stratified random sampling from government and private schools in urban and rural areas. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression. The findings indicate significant differences in academic performance based on school type, residential location, parental education, and home learning conditions. School quality emerged as the strongest predictor of academic performance (β = 0.462), followed by home learning environment (β = 0.331) and parental education (β = 0.280). The study concludes that both family and school factors jointly contribute to educational disparities and should be addressed to improve educational equity and student achievement.